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Korea is a historic country in East Asia, since 1945 divided into two distinct sovereign states: North Korea (officially the "Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
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Korea - Wikipedia. Korea is a historic country in East Asia, since 1. North Korea (officially the . Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by China to the northwest and Russia to the northeast. It is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the East Sea. Korea emerged as a singular political entity after centuries of conflict among the Three Kingdoms of Korea, which were unified as Later Silla to the south and Balhae to the north. Later Silla divided into three separate states during the Later Three Kingdoms period.
Goryeo, which had succeeded Goguryeo, defeated the two other states and united the Korean Peninsula. Around the same time, Balhae collapsed and its last crown prince fled south to Goryeo. Goryeo (also spelled as Kory. Following the Yuan Dynasty's collapse, severe political strife followed, and Goryeo eventually fell to a coup led by General Yi Seong- gye, who established Joseon in 1. The first 2. 00 years of Joseon were marked by relative peace and saw the creation of the Koreanalphabet by Sejong the Great in the 1.
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Confucianism. During the later part of the dynasty, however, Korea's isolationist policy earned it the Western nickname of the . By the late 1. 9th century, the country became the object of imperial design by the Empire of Japan. After First Sino- Japanese War, despite attempts at modernization by the Korean Empire backed up by Japan, in 1. Korea was annexed by Japan and remained a part of Imperial Japan until the end of World War II in August 1. In 1. 94. 5, the Soviet Union and the United States agreed on the surrender of Japanese forces in Korea in the aftermath of World War II, leaving Korea partitioned along the 3.
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North under Soviet occupation and the South under U. S. These circumstances soon became the basis for the division of Korea by the two superpowers, exacerbated by their incapability to agree on the terms of Korean independence. The Communist- inspired government in the North received backing from the Soviet Union in opposition to the pro- Western government in the South, leading to Korea's division into two political entities: North Korea (formally the Democratic People's Republic of Korea), and South Korea (formally the Republic of Korea). This eventually led to the Korean War in 1.
To date, both countries continue to compete with each other as the sole legitimate government of all of Korea and refuse to recognize each other as legitimate. Etymology. This was the Hanja for the Korean kingdom of Goryeo or Kory. The original name was a combination of the adjective go (. With expanding British and American trade following the opening of Korea in the late 1.
The name Korea is now commonly used in English contexts by both North and South Korea. In South Korea, Korea as a whole is referred to as Hanguk (. The name references the Samhan—Ma, Jin, and Byeon—who preceded the Three Kingdoms in the southern and central end of the peninsula during the 1st centuries BC and AD. Although written in Hanja as . It has been tentatively linked with the title khan used by the nomads of Manchuria and Central Asia.
In North Korea, China, Japan, Vietnam, and Chinese and Vietnamese- speaking areas, Korea as a whole is referred to as Chos. King Taejo had named them for the earlier Kojoseon (. This go is the Hanja. Joseon itself is the modern Korean pronunciation of the Hanja. Fluorescent and high- magnetic analyses indicate the volcanic fossils may be from as early as 3. BC. In 1. 08 BC, the Han dynasty defeated Gojoseon and installed four commanderies in the northern Korean peninsula. Three of the commanderies fell or retreated westward within a few decades, but the Lelang commandery remained as a center of cultural and economic exchange with successive Chinese dynasties for four centuries.
By 3. 13, Goguryeo annexed all of the Chinese commanderies. Proto–Three Kingdoms. With the fall of Gojoseon, southern Korea entered the Samhan period. Located in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, Samhan refers to the three confederacies of Mahan, Jinhan, and Byeonhan. Mahan was the largest and consisted of 5.
Byeonhan and Jinhan both consisted of twelve states, bringing a total of 7. Samhan. These three confederacies eventually developed into Baekje, Silla, and Gaya. Three Kingdoms. Silla and Baekje controlled the southern half of the Korean Peninsula, maintaining the former Samhan territories, while Goguryeo controlled the northern half of the Korean Peninsula, Manchuria and the Liaodong Peninsula, uniting Buyeo, Okjeo, Dongye, and other states in the former Gojoseon territories. In response, Emperor Tang Taizong of China led a campaign against Goguryeo, but was defeated and retreated. After the collapse of Goguryeo, Tang and Silla ended their alliance and fought over control of the Korean Peninsula. Silla succeeded in gaining control over most of the Korean Peninsula, while Tang gained control over Goguryeo's northern territories. However, 3. 0 years after the fall of Goguryeo, a Goguryeo general by the name of Dae Joyeong founded the Korean- Mohe state of Balhae and successfully expelled the Tang presence from much of the former Goguryeo territories.
The southwestern Korean kingdom of Baekje was founded around modern- day Seoul by a Goguryeo prince, a son of the founder of Goguryeo. Baekje was a great maritime power. Baekje was once a great military power on the Korean Peninsula, most notably in the 4th century during the rule of Geunchogo when its influence extended across the sea to Liaoxi and Shandong in China, taking advantage of the weakened state of Former Qin, and Kyushu in the Japanese archipelago. By the 2nd century, Silla existed as a large state in the southeast, occupying and influencing its neighboring city- states. In 5. 62, Silla annexed the Gaya confederacy which was located between Baekje and Silla. The Three Kingdoms of Korea often warred with each other and Silla was often dominated by Baekje and Goguryeo. Silla was the smallest and weakest of the three, but it used cunning diplomatic means to make opportunistic pacts and alliances with the more powerful Korean kingdoms, and eventually Tang China, to its great advantage.
General Kim Yu- shin, aided by Tang forces, conquered Baekje after defeating General Gyebaek at the Battle of Hwangsanbeol. In 6. 61, Silla and Tang attacked Goguryeo but were repelled. King Munmu, son of Muyeol and nephew of General Kim Yu- shin launched another campaign in 6. Goguryeo fell in the following year. North- South States Period. Silla first annexed the adjacent Gaya confederacy in 5.
By the 6. 40s, Silla formed an alliance with the Tang Dynasty of China to conquer Baekje and later Goguryeo. After conquering Baekje and Goguryeo, Silla repulsed Tang China from the Korean peninsula in 6. Even though Silla unified most of the Korean Peninsula, most of the Goguryeo territories to the north of the Korean Peninsula were ruled by Balhae. Former Goguryeo general Dae Jo- yeong led a group of Goguryeo and Mohe refugees to the Jilin and founded the kingdom of Balhae, 3. Goguryeo, as the successor to Goguryeo.
At its height, Balhae's territories extended from southern Manchuria down to the northern Korean peninsula. Balhae was called the . Buddhism flourished during this time, and many Korean Buddhists gained great fame among Chinese Buddhists. Goryeo unified the Later Three Kingdoms and received the last crown prince and much of the ruling class of Balhae, thus bringing about a unification of the two successor nations of Goguryeo. Goryeo's land was at first what is now South Korea and about 1/3 of North Korea, but later on managed to recover most of the Korean peninsula. Momentarily, Goryeo advanced to parts of Jiandao while conquering the Jurchens, but returned the territories due to the harsh climate and difficulties in defending them. Goryeo regarded itself as the successor of Goguryeo, hence its name and efforts to recover the former territories of Goguryeo.
Buddhism flourished and spread throughout the peninsula. The development of celadon industries flourished in the 1. The publication of the Tripitaka Koreana onto more than 8. Goryeo's cultural achievements.
Goryeo had a hostile relationship with the Khitans, because the Khitan Empire had destroyed Balhae, also a successor state of Goguryeo. In 9. 93, the Khitans, who had established the Liao dynasty in 9. Goryeo, demanding that it make amity with them. Goryeo sent the diplomat Seo Hui to negotiate, who successfully persuaded the Khitans to let Goryeo expand to the banks of the Amnok River, citing that in the past the land belonged to Goguryeo, the predecessor of Goryeo. The two nations became intertwined for 8. Korean kings married Mongol princesses.
Gongmin had various problems that needed to be dealt with, which included the removal of pro- Mongol aristocrats and military officials, the question of land holding, and quelling the growing animosity between the Buddhists and Confucian scholars. During this tumultuous period, Goryeo momentarily conquered Liaoyang in 1. Red Turbans in 1. Yuan to dominate Goryeo when General Choe Yeong defeated a Mongol tumen in 1.
During the 1. 38. Goryeo turned its attention to the Wokou threat and used naval artillery created by Choe Museon to annihilate hundreds of pirate ships. Joseon dynasty. Yi Seong- gye named his new dynasty Joseon and moved the capital from Kaesong to Hanseong (formerly Hanyang; modern- day Seoul) and built the Gyeongbokgung palace. The prevailing philosophy of the Joseon dynasty was Neo- Confucianism, which was epitomized by the seonbi class, scholars who passed up positions of wealth and power to lead lives of study and integrity. Joseon was a nominal tributary state of China but exercised full sovereignty.
Hangul, the Korean alphabet. This golden age. However, Joseon experienced great destruction, including a tremendous loss of cultural sites such as temples and palaces to Japanese pillaging, and the Japanese brought back to Japan an estimated 1.